Sunday, October 28, 2007
Greek and Roman Ghost Stories, Lacy Collison-Morley - Section 2 of 7 - Book Club/Short Stories - ArcaMax Publishing
Greek and Roman Ghost Stories, Lacy Collison-Morley - Section 2 of 7 - Book Club/Short Stories - ArcaMax Publishing: "Contents II THE BELIEF IN GHOSTS IN GREECE AND ROME Ghost stories play a very subordinate part in classical literature, as is only to be expected. The religion of the hard-headed, practical Roman was essentially formal, and consisted largely in the exact performance of an elaborate ritual. His relations with the dead were regulated with a care that might satisfy the most litigious of ghosts, and once a man had carried out his part of the bargain, he did not trouble his head further about his deceased ancestors, so long as he felt that they, in their turn, were not neglecting his interests. Yet the average man in Rome was glad to free himself from burdensome and expensive duties towards the dead that had come down to him from past generations, and the ingenuity of the lawyers soon devised a system of sham sales by which this could be successfully and honourably accomplished.[25] Greek religion, it is true, found expression to a large extent in mythology; but the sanity of the Greek genius in its best days kept it free from excessive superstition. Not till the invasion of the West by the cults of the East do we find ghosts and spirits at all common in literature. The belief in apparitions existed, however, at all times, even among educated people. The younger Pliny, for instance, writes to ask his friend Sura for his opinion as to whether ghosts have a real existence, with a form of their own, and are of divine origin, or whether they are merely empty air, owing their definite shape to our superstitious fears. We must not forget that Suetonius, whose superstition has b"
halloween stories
LACY COLLISON-MORLEY
Formerly Scholar of St. John's College, Oxford
Author of "Giuseppe Baretti and His Friends," "Modern Italian
Literature"
Oxford
B. H. Blackwell, Broad Street
London
Simpkin, Marshall & Co., Limited
MCMXII
This collection was originally begun at the suggestion of Mr. Marion
Crawford, whose wide and continual reading of the classics supplied more
than one of the stories. They were put together during a number of years
of casual browsing among the classics, and will perhaps interest others
who indulge in similar amusements.
CONTENTS
PAGE
I. THE POWER OF THE DEAD TO RETURN TO EARTH 1
II. THE BELIEF IN GHOSTS IN GREECE AND ROME 13
III. STORIES OF HAUNTING 19
IV. NECROMANCY 33
V. VISIONS OF THE DEAD IN SLEEP 45
VI. APPARITIONS OF THE DEAD 54
VII. WARNING APPARITIONS 72
I
THE POWER OF THE DEAD TO RETURN TO EARTH
Though there is no period at which the ancients do not seem to have
believed in a future life, continual confusion prevails when they come
to picture the existence led by man in the other world, as we see from
the sixth book of the _AEneid_. Combined with the elaborate mythology of
Greece, we are confronted with the primitive belief of Italy, and
doubtless of Greece too--a belief supported by all the religious rites
in connection with the dead--that the spirits of the departed lived on
in the tomb with the body. As cremation gradually superseded burial, the
idea took shape that the soul might have an existence of its own,
altogether independent of the body, and a place of abode was assigned to
it in a hole in the centre of the earth, where it lived on in eternity
with other souls.
This latter view seems to have become the official theory, at least in
Italy, in classical days. In the gloomy, horrible Etruscan religion, the
shades were supposed to be in charge of the Conductor of the Dead--a
repulsive figure, always represented with wings and long, matted hair
and a hammer, whose appearance was afterwards imitated in the dress of
the man who removed the dead from the arena. Surely something may be
said for Gaston Boissier's suggestion that Dante's Tuscan blood may
account to some extent for the gruesome imagery of the _Inferno_.
Cicero[1] tells us that it was generally believed that the dead lived on
beneath the earth, and special provision was made for them in every
Latin town in the "mundus," a deep trench which was dug before the
"pomerium" was traced, and regarded as the particular entrance to the
lower world for the dead of the town in question. The trench was vaulted
over, so that it might correspond more or less with the sky, a gap being
left in the vault which was closed with the stone of the departed--the
"lapis manalis." Corn was thrown into the trench, which was filled up
with earth, and an altar erected over it. On three solemn days in the
year--August 25, October 5, and November 8--the trench was opened and
the stone removed, the dead thus once more having free access to the
world above, where the usual offerings were made to them.[2]
These provisions clearly show an official belief that death did not
create an impassable barrier between the dead and the living. The
spirits of the departed still belonged to the city of their birth, and
took an interest in their old home. They could even return to it on the
days when "the trench of the gods of gloom lies open and the very jaws
of hell yawn wide."[3] Their rights must be respected, if evil was to be
averted from the State. In fact, the dead were gods with altars of their
own,[4] and Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, could write to her
sons, "You will make offerings to me and invoke your parent as a
god."[5] Their cult was closely connected with that of the Lares--the
gods of the hearth, which symbolized a fixed abode in contrast with the
early nomad life. Indeed, there is practically no distinction between
the Lares and the Manes, the souls of the good dead. But the dead had
their own festival, the "Dies Parentales," held from the 13th to the
21st of February, in Rome;[6] and in Greece the "Genesia," celebrated on
the 5th of Boedromion, towards the end of September, about which we
know very little.[7]
There is nothing more characteristic of paganism than the passionate
longing of the average man to perpetuate his memory after death in the
world round which all his hopes and aspirations clung. Cicero uses it as
an argument for immortality.[8]
Many men left large sums to found colleges to celebrate their memories
and feast at their tombs on stated occasions.[9] Lucian laughs at this
custom when he represents the soul of the ordinary man in the next world
as a mere bodiless shade that vanishes at a touch like smoke. It
subsists on the libations and offerings it receives from the living, and
those who have no friends or relatives on earth are starving and
famished.[10] Violators of tombs were threatened with the curse of dying
the last of their race--a curse which Macaulay, with his intense family
affection, considered the most awful that could be devised by man; and
the fact that the tombs were built by the high road, so that the dead
might be cheered by the greeting of the passer-by, lends an additional
touch of sadness to a walk among the crumbling ruins that line the Latin
or the Appian Way outside Rome to-day.
No one of the moderns has caught the pagan feeling towards death better
than Giosue Carducci, a true spiritual descendant of the great Romans of
old, if ever there was one. He tells how, one glorious June day, he was
sitting in school, listening to the priest outraging the verb "amo,"
when his eyes wandered to the window and lighted on a cherry-tree, red
with fruit, and then strayed away to the hills and the sky and the
distant curve of the sea-shore. All Nature was teeming with life, and he
felt an answering thrill, when suddenly, as if from the very fountains
of being within him, there welled up a consciousness of death, and with
it the formless nothing, and a vision of himself lying cold, motionless,
dumb in the black earth, while above him the birds sang, the trees
rustled in the wind, the rivers ran on in their course, and the living
revelled in the warm sun, bathed in its divine light. This first vision
of death often haunted him in later years;[11] and one realizes that
such must often have been the feelings of the Romans, and still more
often of the Greeks, for the joy of the Greek in life was far greater
than that of the Roman. Peace was the only boon that death could bring
to a pagan, and "Pax tecum aeterna" is among the commonest of the
inscriptions. The life beyond the grave was at best an unreal and
joyless copy of an earthly existence, and Achilles told Odysseus that he
would rather be the serf of a poor man upon earth than Achilles among
the shades.
When we come to inquire into the appearance of ghosts revisiting the
glimpses of the moon, we find, as we should expect, that they are a
vague, unsubstantial copy of their former selves on earth. In Homer[12]
the shade of Patroclus, which visited Achilles in a vision as he slept
by the sea-shore, looks exactly as Patroclus had looked on earth, even
down to the clothes. Hadrian's famous "animula vagula blandula" gives
the same idea, and it would be difficult to imagine a disembodied spirit
which retains its personality and returns to earth again except as a
kind of immaterial likeness of its earthly self. We often hear of the
extreme pallor of ghosts, which was doubtless due to their being
bloodless and to the pallor of death itself. Propertius conceived of
them as skeletons;[13] but the unsubstantial, shadowy aspect is by far
the commonest, and best harmonizes with the life they were supposed to
lead.
Hitherto we have been dealing with the spirits of the dead who have been
duly buried and are at rest, making their appearance among men only at
stated intervals, regulated by the religion of the State. The lot of the
dead who have not been vouchsafed the trifling boon of a handful of
earth cast upon their bones was very different. They had not yet been
admitted to the world below, and were forced to wander for a hundred
years before they might enter Charon's boat. AEneas beheld them on the
banks of the Styx, stretching out their hands "ripae ulterioris amore."
The shade of Patroclus describes its hapless state to Achilles, as does
that of Elpenor to Odysseus, when they meet in the lower world. It is
not surprising that the ancients attached the highest importance to the
duty of burying the dead, and that Pausanias blames Lysander for not
burying the bodies of Philocles and the four thousand slain at
AEgospotami, seeing that the Athenians even buried the Persian dead after
Marathon.[14]
The spirits of the unburied were usually held to be bound, more or less,
to the spot where their bodies lay, and to be able to enter into
communication with the living with comparative ease, even if they did
not actually haunt them. They were, in fact, evil spirits which had to
be propitiated and honoured in special rites. Their appearances among
the living were not regulated by religion. They wandered at will over
the earth, belonging neither to this world nor to the next, restless and
malignant, unable to escape from the trammels of mortal life, in the
joys of which they had no part. Thus, in the _Phaedo_[15] we read of
souls "prowling about tombs and sepulchres, near which, as they tell us,
are seen certain ghostly apparitions of souls which have not departed
pure ... These must be the souls, not of the good, but of the evil,
which are compelled to wander about such places in payment of the
penalty of their former evil way of life."
Apuleius[16] classifies the spirits of the departed for us. The Manes
are the good people, not to be feared so long as their rites are duly
performed, as we have already seen; Lemures are disembodied spirits;
while Larvae are the ghosts that haunt houses. Apuleius, however, is
wholly uncritical, and the distinction between Larvae and Lemures is
certainly not borne out by facts.
The Larvae had distinct attributes, and were thought to cause epilepsy or
madness. They were generally treated more or less as a joke,[17] and are
spoken of much as we speak of a bogey. They appear to have been
entrusted with the torturing of the dead, as we see from the saying,
"Only the Larvae war with the dead."[18] In Seneca's _Apocolocyntosis_,[19]
when the question of the deification of the late Emperor Claudius
is laid before a meeting of the gods, Father Janus gives it as his
opinion that no more mortals should be treated in this way, and that
"anyone who, contrary to this decree, shall hereafter be made,
addressed, or painted as a god, should be delivered over to the
Larvae" and flogged at the next games.
Larva also means a skeleton, and Trimalchio, following the Egyptian
custom, has one brought in and placed on the table during his famous
feast. It is, as one would expect, of silver, and the millionaire
freedman points the usual moral--"Let us eat, drink, and be merry, for
to-morrow we die."[20]
The Larvae were regular characters in the Atellane farces at Rome, where
they performed various "danses macabres." Can these possibly be the
prototypes of the Dances of Death so popular in the Middle Ages? We find
something very similar on the well-known silver cups discovered at Bosco
Reale, though Death itself does not seem to have been represented in
this way. Some of the designs in the medieval series would certainly
have appealed to the average bourgeois Roman of the Trimalchio
type--e.g., "Les Trois Vifs et les Trois Morts," the three men riding
gaily out hunting and meeting their own skeletons. Such crude contrasts
are just what one would expect to find at Pompeii.
Lemures and Larvae are often confused, but Lemures is the regular word
for the dead not at rest--the "Lemuri," or spirits of the churchyard, of
some parts of modern Italy. They were evil spirits, propitiated in early
days with blood. Hence the first gladiatorial games were given in
connection with funerals. Both in Greece and in Rome there were special
festivals for appeasing these restless spirits. Originally they were of
a public character, for murder was common in primitive times, and such
spirits would be numerous, as is proved by the festival lasting three
days.
In Athens the Nemesia were held during Anthesterion (February-March). As
in Rome, the days were unlucky. Temples were closed and business was
suspended, for the dead were abroad. In the morning the doors were
smeared with pitch, and those in the house chewed whitethorn to keep off
the evil spirits. On the last day of the festival offerings were made
to Hermes, and the dead were formally bidden to depart.[21]
Ovid describes the Lemuria or Lemuralia.[22] They took place in May,
which was consequently regarded as an unlucky month for marriages, and
is still so regarded almost as universally in England to-day as it was
in Rome during the principate of Augustus. The name of the festival Ovid
derives from Remus, as the ghost of his murdered brother was said to
have appeared to Romulus in his sleep and to have demanded burial. Hence
the institution of the Lemuria.
The head of the family walked through the house with bare feet at dead
of night, making the mystic sign with his first and fourth fingers
extended, the other fingers being turned inwards and the thumb crossed
over them, in case he might run against an unsubstantial spirit as he
moved noiselessly along. This is the sign of "le corna," held to be
infallible against the Evil Eye in modern Italy. After solemnly washing
his hands, he places black beans in his mouth, and throws others over
his shoulders, saying, "With these beans do I redeem me and mine." He
repeats this ceremony nine times without looking round, and the spirits
are thought to follow unseen and pick up the beans. Then he purifies
himself once more and clashes brass, and bids the demons
leave his house. When he has repeated nine times "Manes exite paterni,"
he looks round, and the ceremony is over, and the restless ghosts have
been duly laid for a year.
Lamiae haunted rooms, which had to be fumigated with sulphur, while some
mystic rites were performed with eggs before they could be expelled.
The dead not yet at rest were divided into three classes--those who had
died before their time, the [Greek: aoroi], who had to wander till the
span of their natural life was completed;[23] those who had met with
violent deaths, the [Greek: biaiothanatoi]; and the unburied, the
[Greek: ataphoi]. In the Hymn to Hecate, to whom they were especially
attached, they are represented as following in her train and taking part
in her nightly revels in human shape. The lot of the murdered is no
better, and executed criminals belong to the same class.
Spirits of this kind were supposed to haunt the place where their bodies
lay. Hence they were regarded as demons, and were frequently entrusted
with the carrying out of the strange curses, which have been found in
their tombs, or in wells where a man had been drowned, or even in the
sea, written on leaden tablets, often from right to left, or in queer
characters, so as to be illegible, with another tablet fastened over
them by means of a nail, symbolizing the binding effect it was hoped
they would have--the "Defixiones," to give them their Latin name, which
are very numerous among the inscriptions. So real was the belief in
these curses that the elder Pliny says that everyone is afraid of being
placed under evil spells;[24] and they are frequently referred to in
antiquity.
>
Formerly Scholar of St. John's College, Oxford
Author of "Giuseppe Baretti and His Friends," "Modern Italian
Literature"
Oxford
B. H. Blackwell, Broad Street
London
Simpkin, Marshall & Co., Limited
MCMXII
This collection was originally begun at the suggestion of Mr. Marion
Crawford, whose wide and continual reading of the classics supplied more
than one of the stories. They were put together during a number of years
of casual browsing among the classics, and will perhaps interest others
who indulge in similar amusements.
CONTENTS
PAGE
I. THE POWER OF THE DEAD TO RETURN TO EARTH 1
II. THE BELIEF IN GHOSTS IN GREECE AND ROME 13
III. STORIES OF HAUNTING 19
IV. NECROMANCY 33
V. VISIONS OF THE DEAD IN SLEEP 45
VI. APPARITIONS OF THE DEAD 54
VII. WARNING APPARITIONS 72
I
THE POWER OF THE DEAD TO RETURN TO EARTH
Though there is no period at which the ancients do not seem to have
believed in a future life, continual confusion prevails when they come
to picture the existence led by man in the other world, as we see from
the sixth book of the _AEneid_. Combined with the elaborate mythology of
Greece, we are confronted with the primitive belief of Italy, and
doubtless of Greece too--a belief supported by all the religious rites
in connection with the dead--that the spirits of the departed lived on
in the tomb with the body. As cremation gradually superseded burial, the
idea took shape that the soul might have an existence of its own,
altogether independent of the body, and a place of abode was assigned to
it in a hole in the centre of the earth, where it lived on in eternity
with other souls.
This latter view seems to have become the official theory, at least in
Italy, in classical days. In the gloomy, horrible Etruscan religion, the
shades were supposed to be in charge of the Conductor of the Dead--a
repulsive figure, always represented with wings and long, matted hair
and a hammer, whose appearance was afterwards imitated in the dress of
the man who removed the dead from the arena. Surely something may be
said for Gaston Boissier's suggestion that Dante's Tuscan blood may
account to some extent for the gruesome imagery of the _Inferno_.
Cicero[1] tells us that it was generally believed that the dead lived on
beneath the earth, and special provision was made for them in every
Latin town in the "mundus," a deep trench which was dug before the
"pomerium" was traced, and regarded as the particular entrance to the
lower world for the dead of the town in question. The trench was vaulted
over, so that it might correspond more or less with the sky, a gap being
left in the vault which was closed with the stone of the departed--the
"lapis manalis." Corn was thrown into the trench, which was filled up
with earth, and an altar erected over it. On three solemn days in the
year--August 25, October 5, and November 8--the trench was opened and
the stone removed, the dead thus once more having free access to the
world above, where the usual offerings were made to them.[2]
These provisions clearly show an official belief that death did not
create an impassable barrier between the dead and the living. The
spirits of the departed still belonged to the city of their birth, and
took an interest in their old home. They could even return to it on the
days when "the trench of the gods of gloom lies open and the very jaws
of hell yawn wide."[3] Their rights must be respected, if evil was to be
averted from the State. In fact, the dead were gods with altars of their
own,[4] and Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, could write to her
sons, "You will make offerings to me and invoke your parent as a
god."[5] Their cult was closely connected with that of the Lares--the
gods of the hearth, which symbolized a fixed abode in contrast with the
early nomad life. Indeed, there is practically no distinction between
the Lares and the Manes, the souls of the good dead. But the dead had
their own festival, the "Dies Parentales," held from the 13th to the
21st of February, in Rome;[6] and in Greece the "Genesia," celebrated on
the 5th of Boedromion, towards the end of September, about which we
know very little.[7]
There is nothing more characteristic of paganism than the passionate
longing of the average man to perpetuate his memory after death in the
world round which all his hopes and aspirations clung. Cicero uses it as
an argument for immortality.[8]
Many men left large sums to found colleges to celebrate their memories
and feast at their tombs on stated occasions.[9] Lucian laughs at this
custom when he represents the soul of the ordinary man in the next world
as a mere bodiless shade that vanishes at a touch like smoke. It
subsists on the libations and offerings it receives from the living, and
those who have no friends or relatives on earth are starving and
famished.[10] Violators of tombs were threatened with the curse of dying
the last of their race--a curse which Macaulay, with his intense family
affection, considered the most awful that could be devised by man; and
the fact that the tombs were built by the high road, so that the dead
might be cheered by the greeting of the passer-by, lends an additional
touch of sadness to a walk among the crumbling ruins that line the Latin
or the Appian Way outside Rome to-day.
No one of the moderns has caught the pagan feeling towards death better
than Giosue Carducci, a true spiritual descendant of the great Romans of
old, if ever there was one. He tells how, one glorious June day, he was
sitting in school, listening to the priest outraging the verb "amo,"
when his eyes wandered to the window and lighted on a cherry-tree, red
with fruit, and then strayed away to the hills and the sky and the
distant curve of the sea-shore. All Nature was teeming with life, and he
felt an answering thrill, when suddenly, as if from the very fountains
of being within him, there welled up a consciousness of death, and with
it the formless nothing, and a vision of himself lying cold, motionless,
dumb in the black earth, while above him the birds sang, the trees
rustled in the wind, the rivers ran on in their course, and the living
revelled in the warm sun, bathed in its divine light. This first vision
of death often haunted him in later years;[11] and one realizes that
such must often have been the feelings of the Romans, and still more
often of the Greeks, for the joy of the Greek in life was far greater
than that of the Roman. Peace was the only boon that death could bring
to a pagan, and "Pax tecum aeterna" is among the commonest of the
inscriptions. The life beyond the grave was at best an unreal and
joyless copy of an earthly existence, and Achilles told Odysseus that he
would rather be the serf of a poor man upon earth than Achilles among
the shades.
When we come to inquire into the appearance of ghosts revisiting the
glimpses of the moon, we find, as we should expect, that they are a
vague, unsubstantial copy of their former selves on earth. In Homer[12]
the shade of Patroclus, which visited Achilles in a vision as he slept
by the sea-shore, looks exactly as Patroclus had looked on earth, even
down to the clothes. Hadrian's famous "animula vagula blandula" gives
the same idea, and it would be difficult to imagine a disembodied spirit
which retains its personality and returns to earth again except as a
kind of immaterial likeness of its earthly self. We often hear of the
extreme pallor of ghosts, which was doubtless due to their being
bloodless and to the pallor of death itself. Propertius conceived of
them as skeletons;[13] but the unsubstantial, shadowy aspect is by far
the commonest, and best harmonizes with the life they were supposed to
lead.
Hitherto we have been dealing with the spirits of the dead who have been
duly buried and are at rest, making their appearance among men only at
stated intervals, regulated by the religion of the State. The lot of the
dead who have not been vouchsafed the trifling boon of a handful of
earth cast upon their bones was very different. They had not yet been
admitted to the world below, and were forced to wander for a hundred
years before they might enter Charon's boat. AEneas beheld them on the
banks of the Styx, stretching out their hands "ripae ulterioris amore."
The shade of Patroclus describes its hapless state to Achilles, as does
that of Elpenor to Odysseus, when they meet in the lower world. It is
not surprising that the ancients attached the highest importance to the
duty of burying the dead, and that Pausanias blames Lysander for not
burying the bodies of Philocles and the four thousand slain at
AEgospotami, seeing that the Athenians even buried the Persian dead after
Marathon.[14]
The spirits of the unburied were usually held to be bound, more or less,
to the spot where their bodies lay, and to be able to enter into
communication with the living with comparative ease, even if they did
not actually haunt them. They were, in fact, evil spirits which had to
be propitiated and honoured in special rites. Their appearances among
the living were not regulated by religion. They wandered at will over
the earth, belonging neither to this world nor to the next, restless and
malignant, unable to escape from the trammels of mortal life, in the
joys of which they had no part. Thus, in the _Phaedo_[15] we read of
souls "prowling about tombs and sepulchres, near which, as they tell us,
are seen certain ghostly apparitions of souls which have not departed
pure ... These must be the souls, not of the good, but of the evil,
which are compelled to wander about such places in payment of the
penalty of their former evil way of life."
Apuleius[16] classifies the spirits of the departed for us. The Manes
are the good people, not to be feared so long as their rites are duly
performed, as we have already seen; Lemures are disembodied spirits;
while Larvae are the ghosts that haunt houses. Apuleius, however, is
wholly uncritical, and the distinction between Larvae and Lemures is
certainly not borne out by facts.
The Larvae had distinct attributes, and were thought to cause epilepsy or
madness. They were generally treated more or less as a joke,[17] and are
spoken of much as we speak of a bogey. They appear to have been
entrusted with the torturing of the dead, as we see from the saying,
"Only the Larvae war with the dead."[18] In Seneca's _Apocolocyntosis_,[19]
when the question of the deification of the late Emperor Claudius
is laid before a meeting of the gods, Father Janus gives it as his
opinion that no more mortals should be treated in this way, and that
"anyone who, contrary to this decree, shall hereafter be made,
addressed, or painted as a god, should be delivered over to the
Larvae" and flogged at the next games.
Larva also means a skeleton, and Trimalchio, following the Egyptian
custom, has one brought in and placed on the table during his famous
feast. It is, as one would expect, of silver, and the millionaire
freedman points the usual moral--"Let us eat, drink, and be merry, for
to-morrow we die."[20]
The Larvae were regular characters in the Atellane farces at Rome, where
they performed various "danses macabres." Can these possibly be the
prototypes of the Dances of Death so popular in the Middle Ages? We find
something very similar on the well-known silver cups discovered at Bosco
Reale, though Death itself does not seem to have been represented in
this way. Some of the designs in the medieval series would certainly
have appealed to the average bourgeois Roman of the Trimalchio
type--e.g., "Les Trois Vifs et les Trois Morts," the three men riding
gaily out hunting and meeting their own skeletons. Such crude contrasts
are just what one would expect to find at Pompeii.
Lemures and Larvae are often confused, but Lemures is the regular word
for the dead not at rest--the "Lemuri," or spirits of the churchyard, of
some parts of modern Italy. They were evil spirits, propitiated in early
days with blood. Hence the first gladiatorial games were given in
connection with funerals. Both in Greece and in Rome there were special
festivals for appeasing these restless spirits. Originally they were of
a public character, for murder was common in primitive times, and such
spirits would be numerous, as is proved by the festival lasting three
days.
In Athens the Nemesia were held during Anthesterion (February-March). As
in Rome, the days were unlucky. Temples were closed and business was
suspended, for the dead were abroad. In the morning the doors were
smeared with pitch, and those in the house chewed whitethorn to keep off
the evil spirits. On the last day of the festival offerings were made
to Hermes, and the dead were formally bidden to depart.[21]
Ovid describes the Lemuria or Lemuralia.[22] They took place in May,
which was consequently regarded as an unlucky month for marriages, and
is still so regarded almost as universally in England to-day as it was
in Rome during the principate of Augustus. The name of the festival Ovid
derives from Remus, as the ghost of his murdered brother was said to
have appeared to Romulus in his sleep and to have demanded burial. Hence
the institution of the Lemuria.
The head of the family walked through the house with bare feet at dead
of night, making the mystic sign with his first and fourth fingers
extended, the other fingers being turned inwards and the thumb crossed
over them, in case he might run against an unsubstantial spirit as he
moved noiselessly along. This is the sign of "le corna," held to be
infallible against the Evil Eye in modern Italy. After solemnly washing
his hands, he places black beans in his mouth, and throws others over
his shoulders, saying, "With these beans do I redeem me and mine." He
repeats this ceremony nine times without looking round, and the spirits
are thought to follow unseen and pick up the beans. Then he purifies
himself once more and clashes brass, and bids the demons
leave his house. When he has repeated nine times "Manes exite paterni,"
he looks round, and the ceremony is over, and the restless ghosts have
been duly laid for a year.
Lamiae haunted rooms, which had to be fumigated with sulphur, while some
mystic rites were performed with eggs before they could be expelled.
The dead not yet at rest were divided into three classes--those who had
died before their time, the [Greek: aoroi], who had to wander till the
span of their natural life was completed;[23] those who had met with
violent deaths, the [Greek: biaiothanatoi]; and the unburied, the
[Greek: ataphoi]. In the Hymn to Hecate, to whom they were especially
attached, they are represented as following in her train and taking part
in her nightly revels in human shape. The lot of the murdered is no
better, and executed criminals belong to the same class.
Spirits of this kind were supposed to haunt the place where their bodies
lay. Hence they were regarded as demons, and were frequently entrusted
with the carrying out of the strange curses, which have been found in
their tombs, or in wells where a man had been drowned, or even in the
sea, written on leaden tablets, often from right to left, or in queer
characters, so as to be illegible, with another tablet fastened over
them by means of a nail, symbolizing the binding effect it was hoped
they would have--the "Defixiones," to give them their Latin name, which
are very numerous among the inscriptions. So real was the belief in
these curses that the elder Pliny says that everyone is afraid of being
placed under evil spells;[24] and they are frequently referred to in
antiquity.
>
Friday, October 26, 2007
The Multiple Intelligences Test - Tickle Personality Tests > Results
The Multiple Intelligences Test - Tickle Personality Tests > Results Hi Dearling
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Your multiple intelligences report
Your greatest strength
Your complete intelligence profile
History behind the test
Reading list
Dearling, you have your own distinct brand of smart. As a result, you're likely more geared toward some types of intelligence than others. The important thing to remember is that the scores you receive below are an indication of where you stand today. Everyone possesses the capacity to improve and change. To help you do just that, Tickle's experts have provided a series of action steps in each section below to help you fulfill your potential. But first, let's examine what you're best at.
Your greatest strength is Social Intelligence. You scored a 10 out of 10. This means that you scored above 100% of the others who took this test.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
What is social intelligence?
Social intelligence refers to the ability to read other people and understand their intentions and motivations. People with this intelligence are usually clued in to the differences between what others say and what they really mean. As a result, socially intelligent types may sometimes be accused of being mind readers. People who successfully use this type of intelligence can be masterful conversationalists. This can be due to a combination of excellent listening skills and the ability to meaningfully engage others. People who are socially intelligent can usually make the people around them feel comfortable and included. They also tend to enjoy interacting with a variety of people.
Other valuable skills that can come along with social intelligence are the ability to assert one's own needs, effective conflict resolution skills, and the gift of being able to solve most problems in a cooperative fashion. By being able to key in on others' needs — sometimes more clearly than those people can themselves — socially intelligent individuals can be highly perceptive. This trait can be a great boon in business as well as in personal matters.
Because they often feed off their relationships with others, if social types find themselves without a romantic partner, close family, or a circle of friends to share their life with, monetary and academic successes can lose their luster. When it comes to understanding the mindset of many socially intelligent people, Ralph Waldo Emerson may have said it best:
"To laugh often and much; to win the respect of intelligent people and the affection of children; to earn the appreciation of honest critics and endure the betrayal of false friends; to appreciate beauty, to find the best in others; to leave the world a little better; whether by a healthy child, a garden patch or a redeemed social condition; to know even one life has breathed easier because you have lived. This is the meaning of success."
There's evidence that working to optimize social intelligence can even be beneficial to your health. It's been shown that lonely individuals are highly susceptible to depression and a variety of other mental and physical ailments. So by developing a close social network and learning to be emotionally available and depend on others, you can be not just happier but healthier, too.
Although you appear to have a solid grasp on your people skills, the following activities can help you hone them even further. Because you've probably noticed that social intelligence is something that can produce dramatic results, Tickle's team has provided a variety of both basic and challenging ways you can kick your social intelligence up a notch.
Start small
The next time you're at an airport or in the lobby of a building, take some time to people watch. In studying people's behaviors you can improve your "people perception." As you notice people relating, ask yourself the following questions:
(a) What is the relationship between the people speaking to one another?
(b) What emotions are people experiencing?
(c) What sorts of nonverbal gestures are being displayed, and what do these gestures mean?
By coming to understand others movements, speech, and expressions, you can really become a great reader of people's moods and intentions.
Smile more often. People are much more apt to respond warmly to you when they think they will be received well.
Generate positivity. Avoid chances to criticize, complain, or judge others harshly. Remember the adage, "If you don't have something nice to say, don't say it at all?" It's one that's put to good use by people with high social intelligence.
Challenge yourself
Try to become aware of the signals that your behavior and body language convey to others. For example, if your coworkers frequently ask you if something is wrong or why you're upset, it's a cue that you need to take a closer look at yourself. Do you walk around the office with a long face or a constantly slouched posture? If so, you may be communicating that you're unhappy or something is wrong even if you don't intend to do so.
Although it's an easy thing to do, resist the urge to talk about yourself. Generally, sharing your thoughts and feelings can be a good thing. However, it's important to make an effort to expand conversations to more general topics and to ask polite questions about others. That way the people you're speaking with won't feel excluded or unimportant. This focus also helps you avoid disclosing too much personal information. No one is saying that you need to be close-mouthed or secretive. Just remember that when it comes to talking about your private life, sometimes less is more.
Learn how to disagree gracefully. Having a different point of view from others isn't a problem unless you make it so. If you find yourself repeating your points or trying to persuade someone with no success, know when to quit and agree to disagree. If the point or disagreement is an important one, seek to truly understand the other person so you can find common ground. When you're able to compromise, both of you can be satisfied.
Your multiple intelligences report
Your greatest strength
Your complete intelligence profile
History behind the test
Reading list
Social
Personal
Linguistic
Logical/
Mathematical
Visual/
Spatial
Physical
Social intelligence
(aka "people smarts") This trait centers on successfully decoding interpersonal cues to respond to others with empathy.
Personal intelligence
(aka "self smarts") This means being in tune with your inner self through exploring your feelings, values, and ideas.
Linguistic intelligence
(aka "word smarts) This means clearly expressing thoughts and feelings in written or oral form.
Logical/mathematical intelligence
(aka "reasoning/numbers smarts") This trait involves higher-order thinking through abstract and numerical reasoning.
Visual/spatial intelligence
(aka "picture smarts") This trait involves accurately forming mental pictures and being able to interpret the physical world.
Physical intelligence
(aka "body smarts) This trait involves the ability to control and direct body movements for achievement or expression.
Most everyone has at least some degree of each of these six types of intelligence. Yet it's also true that almost no one uses any one kind of intelligence to its fullest potential. Most of us take advantage of certain aspects of an intelligence we have but don't explore its other benefits. As you read the sections below, notice the ways you're actively using your intelligences today and the ways you can expand them in the future. The Take Action sections will help you get started.
Before looking at the details of your remaining intelligences, you might want to know how we generated this summary of your skills.
While you were answering the test questions, we measured your intelligence level in six distinct areas: linguistic, logical/mathematical, personal, physical, social, and visual/spatial.
As you look at your multiple intelligences profile, you may notice that you can receive the same score on more than one of your intelligences. Don't worry, that's very common. If some of the intelligences share the same score, it simply means that you're equally good at all of those skills.
Here's how your intelligences profile is ranked. First, we calculated your overall score for each intelligence. The higher the score, the higher it is ranked in your intelligences profile. If you receive the same score on more than one type of intelligence, our researchers then looked at how difficult it is for people to get high scores on those different areas. They then ranked those competing intelligences in order of difficulty.
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Personal Intelligence
You scored a 10 out of 10 on Personal Intelligence. This means that you scored above 100% of the others who took this test.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
What is personal intelligence?
People with a high level of personal intelligence aren't afraid to ask themselves life's big questions: "Why am I here?" or "What's the meaning of life?" These issues are everyday fare for people using their personal intelligence. By being willing to explore the unknown, personally intelligent people can seem positively fearless to those who'd rather focus on simpler, more concrete issues. It's true: Asking deep questions that may have no definitive answers can be scary at times. However, by delving into these existential places, personally intelligent types can become very in tune with their feelings, values, and ideals. It's a kind of self-knowledge that people with less of this intelligence rarely experience.
After all, getting to know who you are and understanding your place in this world should not be things left only to philosophers, psychologists, and religious scholars. Developing a solid sense of yourself can be crucial to nurturing self-esteem and a positive self-image. People who score high on personal intelligence are typically comfortable expressing the full spectrum of their emotions. They are also generally in tune with their conscious and unconscious feelings. Perhaps most importantly, people with a high degree of this intelligence appear not just to recognize their own emotions, but the underlying causes for them, as well. This can make personally intelligent people very self-reliant and able to improve their own lives.
People who are personally intelligent seem to realize that it's not so important what the answers to life's big questions are, but that the questions are being asked. By forcing yourself to face who you are, you can begin to accept who you are, as well. Possessing inner peace can make what others think of you matter much less. In activating personal intelligence to its fullest, you can effectively enrich your life. This is true because in many ways, this kind of intelligence represents an integration of your mind and heart.
Personal intelligence is never completely achieved. In fact, this particular type of intelligence needs to be practiced on a consistent basis in order to be maintained. Based on your score, it's apparent that you use this type of intelligence to some extent already. With this in mind, below our research team has offered a variety of exercises to help you expand your self-knowledge. Try them out to see which ones most positively enhance your personal intelligence.
Start small
Get to know yourself by writing your own biography. If you're having a hard time getting the hang of writing about yourself, read a biography of someone you admire first. Once properly inspired, the writing may more easily.
Practice being alone with your thoughts. Learn to enjoy silence. Many people avoid dealing with themselves by always having some type of distraction around them — TV, music, other people. Try spending 20 to 30 minutes of quiet time to yourself each day.
Do something that makes you happy at least once a day. Pet your cat. Take a run. Play with a niece or nephew. Whatever you choose to do, make sure that you're giving yourself time to enjoy your life and the things and people around you.
Challenge yourself
Forgive someone unconditionally for what they have done to you. Understand that your negative feelings are only weighing you down. Better yet, forgive yourself for something that you've done and that you truly regret. You'll be surprised the weight that can be lifted from you when you practice forgiveness.
Is there something you always wanted to do but have always been afraid to try — like rock climbing, taking a dance class, or even going on a safari? Remember that where there's a will, there's a way. Take a little time to do some research and bolster your self-confidence. Once you start charting out a concrete plan you may find that the goal isn't so unreachable after all.
Find ways to strengthen your spirit. Whether it's through practicing your religion or some type of philosophy, find ways to feel connected with yourself and with nature. Some people feel at peace with themselves in a house of worship, such as a church, mosque, temple, or synagogue. Others go to a park or garden, or simply take a walk to seek spiritual refuge. Wherever you go, you can strengthen your personal intelligence by taking time to reflect and be thankful.
Your multiple intelligences report
Your greatest strength
Your complete intelligence profile
History behind the test
Reading list
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Linguistic Intelligence
You scored a 6 out of 10 on Linguistic Intelligence. This means that you scored above 60% of the others who took this test.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
What is linguistic intelligence?
Generally, people with a high degree of linguistic intelligence have a greater gift for expressing themselves than most other people do. In fact, linguistically intelligent people often become known as real wordsmiths among their friends and colleagues. Whether their skills center on having the gift of gab or the ability to turn an elegant phrase, linguistically intelligent types know how to get a point across with precision and flair. Poets, thespians, writers, and public speakers are among the people who rely heavily on linguistic intelligence.
At times, having this type of intelligence can make for very persuasive communication. By choosing the right words at the right time, linguistic intelligence can help people clearly express their ideas, thoughts, and feelings to others. This can be a crucial skill in both professional and personal life. Linguistically talented people are often able to tailor their communication to a variety of audiences. Many also seem to know when subtlety is more appropriate than being overly direct.
Think about the people in your life who can tell a great story or who have others in stitches when telling a joke. That's linguistic intelligence, too. It's a skill that can make people a real hit in social situations. By crafting vivid descriptions and emotional language, people with linguistic intelligence can keep an audience riveted.
People who score relatively high on this intelligence tend to think in words instead of pictures. As a result, when it comes to learning something, they're better able to understand verbal explanations than charts or drawings. Studying the origins of words, slang, and metaphors can also be intriguing to those who score high on this intelligence. As for leisure time, when linguistic types are not telling stories themselves, they might be found curled up with a good book. Typically lovers of the written word, linguistically intelligent people can be voracious readers.
You've already got a better handle on this type of intelligence than most people do, but there's always room for improvement. The action points below can help you to make your written and verbal communication skills more varied, specific, and engaging. Start small and work up.
Start small
Dust off your dictionary, and use it to learn five new words a week. You'd be amazed at how many words you've probably never even seen. For an added challenge, consider buying a book on verbal expressions like metaphors or quotations to familiarize yourself with new expressions. Once you've got them down, try working them into conversations.
If you remember your dreams, keep a dream journal next to your bed, and each morning take a few minutes to capture them as vividly as possible on paper.
If you don't already own one, stop by your local library or bookstore to pick up some books on tape. As you listen to them, take careful note of how narrators bring the stories to life.
Challenge yourself
Try writing a nonfiction story with a standard plot line. Standard plot lines usually consist of an introduction, rising action, the climax or turning point, falling action, and a resolution. Books are available on this topic if you need help.
Try to write a poem that encapsulates how you felt when you did something on your own for the first time.
Think about a funny experience you've had and practice telling it out loud in front of a mirror in the most dramatic and amusing way possible. Once you're comfortable, try it out on your friends or family.
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Logical/Mathematical Intelligence
You scored a 5 out of 10 on Logical/Mathematical Intelligence. This means that you scored above 50% of the others who took this test.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
What is logical/mathematical intelligence?
People with a high level of logical/mathematical intelligence are generally great problem solvers who are able to both think critically and analyze data. Individuals who have this intelligence also tend to see the world as a logical place. This is probably true because they're usually so skilled at picking up the patterns all around them. Whether it's a scientist noticing a repeated behavior in one of her subjects or a mathematician using patterns of numbers to solve a theorem, this type of intelligence can be extremely handy in intellectual pursuits.
However, there are also plenty of everyday uses for logical/mathematical intelligence. For example, whether you're reading the financial pages or the sports section, the newspaper is typically filled with data and statistics for you to interpret. Indeed, it's hard to grasp the complexities of important scientific, social, economic, or political issues if you can't understand the information given. Life is also filled with plenty of opportunities to use applied math. Balancing your checkbook, bargain shopping, and even gambling demand some level of logical/mathematical intelligence. When it comes to money, people who are logically/mathematically intelligent typically have the benefit of being better able to manage their own finances. They also have a leg up on understanding the factors that affect their investments.
As learners, people who are strong in this type of intelligence comprehend things most effectively through trial and error rather than through verbal instruction or visual diagrams. In particular, if given a problem to solve, logical/mathematical people will usually prefer to test out solutions themselves rather than to be told or shown what the right answer is. Moreover, people who use this intelligence can be stronger than most other people are at weighing the merits of different arguments. By looking at facts critically, these individuals are good at forming their own conclusions — an ability that can make them great business leaders and first-rate independent thinkers.
Your above-average score indicates that you already use this intelligence effectively in your life. As a result, Tickle has provided you with some ways to improve your intelligence so that you reach the top of your ability. The following action steps will help you to increase your familiarity and adeptness with numbers and scientific concepts. They'll do this by helping you focus on topics that probably aren't typically part of your life, as well as by working math into your daily routine.
Start small
Buy or borrow a high school math textbook — anything from algebra to geometry or trigonometry — and reacquaint yourself with concepts that you might not have fully understood the first time around.
If you're not already a regular viewer, try to spend a couple hours a week watching scientific programming on the Discovery Channel, the Learning Channel, or PBS. By watching programs that talk about scientific concepts and explain different discoveries, you can improve your logic and deductive reasoning capabilities.
Make it a priority to visit science and technology museums on occasion to better understand the concepts that underpin both scientific advancements and the natural world.
Challenge yourself
Read about a mathematical or scientific concept and then teach it to someone else less knowledgeable than you are.
Learn a computer programming language such as BASIC, C, or PASCAL. Picking up one of these languages is not only a marketable job skill, but it can also help you hone your logical and pattern recognition abilities.
Subscribe to a popular science journal such as Science, Psychology Today, Omni, or Scientific American to keep up with the latest discoveries and research.
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Visual/Spatial Intelligence
You scored a 5 out of 10 on Visual/Spatial Intelligence. This means that you scored above 50% of the others who took this test.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
What is visual/spatial intelligence?
People with visual/spatial intelligence have the interesting ability of being able to form high-quality mental images and even manipulate those pictures to form new things. Visual/spatial abilities can include being able to visualize accurate representations of existing objects and having the skill to imagine detailed original designs or scenes. In the career world, this can make visual/spatial types great at everything from mechanical engineering to interior design.
People with this intelligence typically have a high level of attention to detail and are well in touch with their surroundings. As a result, visually/spatially intelligent people can make great hunters because they tend to notice even small changes in their physical environment — a key when tracking prey. They're also the kinds of individuals you'd want in control of the map on a road trip. Visual/spatial intelligence can make people great with directions.
In addition, people with strong visual/spatial intelligence typically love aesthetics. They can usually find beauty in both manmade and natural things. Appreciating a sunset, noticing how patterns and colors fit together to make a great outfit, and having at least a passing knowledge of architecture and design are all different ways that their love of beauty can manifest.
People who use this type of intelligence tend to think in pictures rather than numbers or words. As a result, those who score relatively high on visual/spatial intelligence are better at learning concepts when seeing charts, pictures, or diagrams rather than hearing a lecture. Overall, using this type of intelligence can enrich your life because it requires a vivid imagination. Indeed, by forming creative mental images and really seeing the things around you, you can make the world a more wondrous place.
The activities below are designed to help you to get acquainted with your spatial skills and exercise your imagination and visual abilities. Each task focuses on a different aspect of visual/spatial intelligence. Begin with something basic. Then challenge yourself to expand your intelligence even more.
Start small
Play with blocks. It may seem like kid stuff, but it can really help your spatial relations. Practice building structures with three-dimensional materials like Legos.
Listen to classical music; it's known to increase visual/spatial skills.
Go to an arcade. Playing video games has been known to improve spatial abilities.
Challenge yourself
Try rearranging the furniture in one room of your house. Begin by visualizing the new layout, draw it, and then move things around to see how you like the new look.
When walking or driving to a familiar destination, take a new route to familiarize yourself with different paths and how they fit together.
Check out your local college or community center to sign up for a class in photography, sculpting, or drawing to explore your visual creativity.
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Physical Intelligence
You scored a 4 out of 10 on Physical Intelligence. This means that you scored above 40% of the others who took this test.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
What is physical intelligence?
When most of us think of physical intelligence, we think of dancers and athletes. Indeed, athletic prowess, physical grace, and control of the body for achievement or expression are each important aspects of this kind of intelligence. However, another important facet is the use of fine motor skills such as hand-eye coordination for activities like surgery, carpentry, and painting.
Very few people can accomplish the highest levels of physical intelligence, and those who do — whether sports heroes or heart surgeons — are usually both admired and paid handsomely for it. Yet everyone can benefit enormously from improving our intelligence in this realm. Until recently, physical intelligence was something that had been devalued in our society, mostly as a result of the industrial revolution. Once people developed machines to do tasks like farming and metal work, people's physical abilities in these areas were pushed aside.
Fortunately today, medical research demonstrates the importance of physical activity and maintaining a mind-body connection. It's been found that the more people use their bodies and preserve their physical capabilities, the more their thinking can improve, as well. Physical intelligence isn't just about muscle and athleticism. There are a variety of skills that can be worked on when it comes to improving physical intelligence including strength, endurance, flexibility, balance, dexterity, expressiveness, coordination, and good reflexes (Armstrong, 1999). People who use this type of intelligence frequently come to see their bodies as a source of joy, along with the added bonus of suffering less from stress and certain types of disease.
With all the talk in the media about the importance of physical fitness and an active lifestyle, you probably understand the value of some aspects of physical intelligence by now. In fact, based on your score, it's evident that you've put emphasis on this intelligence in your own life already. As a result, Tickle's experts are making the stakes in this area higher by giving you a variety of physical challenges. Because physical intelligence can be easily measured, you'll be able to appreciate your progress as you go.
Start small
So long as you don't have any specific physical limitations, try working on your flexibility. One way to test your present level of flexibility is by seeing if, while holding your arms straight, you can make the palms of your hands touch each other behind your back. Practice daily until you can do so. Or for a more in-depth challenge, consider trying out a beginner yoga class at your local gym.
Breathing is crucial to health and fitness. Yet did you know that most of us breathe incorrectly? Correct breathing is accomplished by inhaling deeply and expanding your abdomen so that your diaphragm moves downward. This way, air flows into your lungs more effectively. When you breathe out the diaphragm moves upward so that the air is pushed out of the lungs. Try concentrating on your breathing for at least five minutes per day.
If you don't already, try to make simple exercises a part of your daily routine. Consider adding a 30-minute speed walk or floor exercise session to your schedule. You'll be amazed by what even these short workouts can accomplish when you stick to them.
Challenge yourself
Increase your strength, reflexes, and balance by taking a martial arts or a self-defense course. If there's not one available in your area, try to find yourself a good at home martial arts workout video instead.
Go out dancing! Whether in a class or at a club, it can be fun to express yourself physically. Don't worry if you're not great at first; there'll be lots of other beginners. No matter what type of dance you choose (e.g., salsa, ballroom, tap, jazz), it can increase your grace and coordination.
Get a complete fitness evaluation by a personal trainer. Once you've discussed your goals and determined your fitness level, you can develop a regimen that increases particular strengths or works on weaknesses.
Famous uses of intelligence
We can all use a little inspiration. Check out how these visionaries put their different types of intelligence to work. The list below is a perfect example of how important each type of intelligence really is. If everyone were simply book-smart, where would we all be today?
Social
Dr. Phil McGraw: Author and therapist
Dr. John Gottman: Researcher and marriage counselor
Barbara Walters: Journalist and talk show host
Personal
Dalai Lama: Tibetan spiritual leader
Deepak Chopra: Spiritual guru
Oprah Winfrey: Talk show host
Linguistic
Amy Tan: Writer
Pablo Neruda: Poet
Tony Kushner: Playwright
Logical/Mathematical
Erno Rubik: Inventor of the Rubik's Cube
John Nash: Mathematician
Suze Orman: Financial advisor
Visual/Spatial
Dale Chihuly: Glassblower and artist
Maya Lin: Architect of the Civil Rights and Vietnam Veteran's Memorials
Charles and Ray Eames: Furniture designers
Physical
Twyla Tharp: Choreographer and dancer
Lance Armstrong: Bike racer
Dr. Christiaan Barnard: Surgeon of first heart transplant
Your multiple intelligences report
Your greatest strength
Your complete intelligence profile
History behind the test
Reading list
Fortunately, the field of assessing intelligence has come a long way from measuring the size of our skulls. However, even 50 years ago, traditional beliefs about intelligence indicated that people's capacity for learning was fixed. In other words, the prevailing view was that you're either born smart or you're not. Furthermore, measuring intelligence was almost completely limited to how well you performed on logic and math tests.
But fast-forward to the early 1980s, and you would have found Dr. Howard Gardner advocating a new way of looking at intelligence. His influential theory of multiple intelligences helped educational psychologists and others to broaden their thinking about what it means to be smart. According to Gardner, thinking about intelligence needed to acknowledge more than one form of intelligence. To describe the many dimensions Gardner felt made up intelligence, he coined the term multiple intelligences. His theory centers on the idea that intelligence is made up of at least seven to nine distinct abilities. It also postulates that all human beings possess a number of types of intelligence in varying amounts. What's more is that Gardner believed people's intelligence could be improved.
To help you put Gardner's theory in action, Tickle created the Multiple Intelligences test. While Gardner looked at up to nine different areas of intelligence, Tickle's test focuses on what we feel to be the core six: linguistic, visual/spatial, logical/mathematical, physical (or as Gardner called it, "body"), social (Gardner termed it "interpersonal"), and personal (Gardner used the term "intrapersonal").
We hope this test helps you understand that you no longer need to be judged by strict and narrow standards of what it means to be smart. Instead, you can start to appreciate the many ways that you and others are intelligent. If you'd like to learn more about this topic, Tickle's research team suggests the references below for future reading.
Armstrong, T. (1999). 7 Kinds of Smart: Identifying and Developing Your Multiple Intelligences. NY: Plume.
Arnheim, R. (1983). Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye. Berkeley, CA: University of CA Press.
Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence Reframed. NY: Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. NY: Basic Books.
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Home Tests Create-A-Quiz You
Your multiple intelligences report
Your greatest strength
Your complete intelligence profile
History behind the test
Reading list
Dearling, you have your own distinct brand of smart. As a result, you're likely more geared toward some types of intelligence than others. The important thing to remember is that the scores you receive below are an indication of where you stand today. Everyone possesses the capacity to improve and change. To help you do just that, Tickle's experts have provided a series of action steps in each section below to help you fulfill your potential. But first, let's examine what you're best at.
Your greatest strength is Social Intelligence. You scored a 10 out of 10. This means that you scored above 100% of the others who took this test.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
What is social intelligence?
Social intelligence refers to the ability to read other people and understand their intentions and motivations. People with this intelligence are usually clued in to the differences between what others say and what they really mean. As a result, socially intelligent types may sometimes be accused of being mind readers. People who successfully use this type of intelligence can be masterful conversationalists. This can be due to a combination of excellent listening skills and the ability to meaningfully engage others. People who are socially intelligent can usually make the people around them feel comfortable and included. They also tend to enjoy interacting with a variety of people.
Other valuable skills that can come along with social intelligence are the ability to assert one's own needs, effective conflict resolution skills, and the gift of being able to solve most problems in a cooperative fashion. By being able to key in on others' needs — sometimes more clearly than those people can themselves — socially intelligent individuals can be highly perceptive. This trait can be a great boon in business as well as in personal matters.
Because they often feed off their relationships with others, if social types find themselves without a romantic partner, close family, or a circle of friends to share their life with, monetary and academic successes can lose their luster. When it comes to understanding the mindset of many socially intelligent people, Ralph Waldo Emerson may have said it best:
"To laugh often and much; to win the respect of intelligent people and the affection of children; to earn the appreciation of honest critics and endure the betrayal of false friends; to appreciate beauty, to find the best in others; to leave the world a little better; whether by a healthy child, a garden patch or a redeemed social condition; to know even one life has breathed easier because you have lived. This is the meaning of success."
There's evidence that working to optimize social intelligence can even be beneficial to your health. It's been shown that lonely individuals are highly susceptible to depression and a variety of other mental and physical ailments. So by developing a close social network and learning to be emotionally available and depend on others, you can be not just happier but healthier, too.
Although you appear to have a solid grasp on your people skills, the following activities can help you hone them even further. Because you've probably noticed that social intelligence is something that can produce dramatic results, Tickle's team has provided a variety of both basic and challenging ways you can kick your social intelligence up a notch.
Start small
The next time you're at an airport or in the lobby of a building, take some time to people watch. In studying people's behaviors you can improve your "people perception." As you notice people relating, ask yourself the following questions:
(a) What is the relationship between the people speaking to one another?
(b) What emotions are people experiencing?
(c) What sorts of nonverbal gestures are being displayed, and what do these gestures mean?
By coming to understand others movements, speech, and expressions, you can really become a great reader of people's moods and intentions.
Smile more often. People are much more apt to respond warmly to you when they think they will be received well.
Generate positivity. Avoid chances to criticize, complain, or judge others harshly. Remember the adage, "If you don't have something nice to say, don't say it at all?" It's one that's put to good use by people with high social intelligence.
Challenge yourself
Try to become aware of the signals that your behavior and body language convey to others. For example, if your coworkers frequently ask you if something is wrong or why you're upset, it's a cue that you need to take a closer look at yourself. Do you walk around the office with a long face or a constantly slouched posture? If so, you may be communicating that you're unhappy or something is wrong even if you don't intend to do so.
Although it's an easy thing to do, resist the urge to talk about yourself. Generally, sharing your thoughts and feelings can be a good thing. However, it's important to make an effort to expand conversations to more general topics and to ask polite questions about others. That way the people you're speaking with won't feel excluded or unimportant. This focus also helps you avoid disclosing too much personal information. No one is saying that you need to be close-mouthed or secretive. Just remember that when it comes to talking about your private life, sometimes less is more.
Learn how to disagree gracefully. Having a different point of view from others isn't a problem unless you make it so. If you find yourself repeating your points or trying to persuade someone with no success, know when to quit and agree to disagree. If the point or disagreement is an important one, seek to truly understand the other person so you can find common ground. When you're able to compromise, both of you can be satisfied.
Your multiple intelligences report
Your greatest strength
Your complete intelligence profile
History behind the test
Reading list
Social
Personal
Linguistic
Logical/
Mathematical
Visual/
Spatial
Physical
Social intelligence
(aka "people smarts") This trait centers on successfully decoding interpersonal cues to respond to others with empathy.
Personal intelligence
(aka "self smarts") This means being in tune with your inner self through exploring your feelings, values, and ideas.
Linguistic intelligence
(aka "word smarts) This means clearly expressing thoughts and feelings in written or oral form.
Logical/mathematical intelligence
(aka "reasoning/numbers smarts") This trait involves higher-order thinking through abstract and numerical reasoning.
Visual/spatial intelligence
(aka "picture smarts") This trait involves accurately forming mental pictures and being able to interpret the physical world.
Physical intelligence
(aka "body smarts) This trait involves the ability to control and direct body movements for achievement or expression.
Most everyone has at least some degree of each of these six types of intelligence. Yet it's also true that almost no one uses any one kind of intelligence to its fullest potential. Most of us take advantage of certain aspects of an intelligence we have but don't explore its other benefits. As you read the sections below, notice the ways you're actively using your intelligences today and the ways you can expand them in the future. The Take Action sections will help you get started.
Before looking at the details of your remaining intelligences, you might want to know how we generated this summary of your skills.
While you were answering the test questions, we measured your intelligence level in six distinct areas: linguistic, logical/mathematical, personal, physical, social, and visual/spatial.
As you look at your multiple intelligences profile, you may notice that you can receive the same score on more than one of your intelligences. Don't worry, that's very common. If some of the intelligences share the same score, it simply means that you're equally good at all of those skills.
Here's how your intelligences profile is ranked. First, we calculated your overall score for each intelligence. The higher the score, the higher it is ranked in your intelligences profile. If you receive the same score on more than one type of intelligence, our researchers then looked at how difficult it is for people to get high scores on those different areas. They then ranked those competing intelligences in order of difficulty.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Personal Intelligence
You scored a 10 out of 10 on Personal Intelligence. This means that you scored above 100% of the others who took this test.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
What is personal intelligence?
People with a high level of personal intelligence aren't afraid to ask themselves life's big questions: "Why am I here?" or "What's the meaning of life?" These issues are everyday fare for people using their personal intelligence. By being willing to explore the unknown, personally intelligent people can seem positively fearless to those who'd rather focus on simpler, more concrete issues. It's true: Asking deep questions that may have no definitive answers can be scary at times. However, by delving into these existential places, personally intelligent types can become very in tune with their feelings, values, and ideals. It's a kind of self-knowledge that people with less of this intelligence rarely experience.
After all, getting to know who you are and understanding your place in this world should not be things left only to philosophers, psychologists, and religious scholars. Developing a solid sense of yourself can be crucial to nurturing self-esteem and a positive self-image. People who score high on personal intelligence are typically comfortable expressing the full spectrum of their emotions. They are also generally in tune with their conscious and unconscious feelings. Perhaps most importantly, people with a high degree of this intelligence appear not just to recognize their own emotions, but the underlying causes for them, as well. This can make personally intelligent people very self-reliant and able to improve their own lives.
People who are personally intelligent seem to realize that it's not so important what the answers to life's big questions are, but that the questions are being asked. By forcing yourself to face who you are, you can begin to accept who you are, as well. Possessing inner peace can make what others think of you matter much less. In activating personal intelligence to its fullest, you can effectively enrich your life. This is true because in many ways, this kind of intelligence represents an integration of your mind and heart.
Personal intelligence is never completely achieved. In fact, this particular type of intelligence needs to be practiced on a consistent basis in order to be maintained. Based on your score, it's apparent that you use this type of intelligence to some extent already. With this in mind, below our research team has offered a variety of exercises to help you expand your self-knowledge. Try them out to see which ones most positively enhance your personal intelligence.
Start small
Get to know yourself by writing your own biography. If you're having a hard time getting the hang of writing about yourself, read a biography of someone you admire first. Once properly inspired, the writing may more easily.
Practice being alone with your thoughts. Learn to enjoy silence. Many people avoid dealing with themselves by always having some type of distraction around them — TV, music, other people. Try spending 20 to 30 minutes of quiet time to yourself each day.
Do something that makes you happy at least once a day. Pet your cat. Take a run. Play with a niece or nephew. Whatever you choose to do, make sure that you're giving yourself time to enjoy your life and the things and people around you.
Challenge yourself
Forgive someone unconditionally for what they have done to you. Understand that your negative feelings are only weighing you down. Better yet, forgive yourself for something that you've done and that you truly regret. You'll be surprised the weight that can be lifted from you when you practice forgiveness.
Is there something you always wanted to do but have always been afraid to try — like rock climbing, taking a dance class, or even going on a safari? Remember that where there's a will, there's a way. Take a little time to do some research and bolster your self-confidence. Once you start charting out a concrete plan you may find that the goal isn't so unreachable after all.
Find ways to strengthen your spirit. Whether it's through practicing your religion or some type of philosophy, find ways to feel connected with yourself and with nature. Some people feel at peace with themselves in a house of worship, such as a church, mosque, temple, or synagogue. Others go to a park or garden, or simply take a walk to seek spiritual refuge. Wherever you go, you can strengthen your personal intelligence by taking time to reflect and be thankful.
Your multiple intelligences report
Your greatest strength
Your complete intelligence profile
History behind the test
Reading list
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Linguistic Intelligence
You scored a 6 out of 10 on Linguistic Intelligence. This means that you scored above 60% of the others who took this test.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
What is linguistic intelligence?
Generally, people with a high degree of linguistic intelligence have a greater gift for expressing themselves than most other people do. In fact, linguistically intelligent people often become known as real wordsmiths among their friends and colleagues. Whether their skills center on having the gift of gab or the ability to turn an elegant phrase, linguistically intelligent types know how to get a point across with precision and flair. Poets, thespians, writers, and public speakers are among the people who rely heavily on linguistic intelligence.
At times, having this type of intelligence can make for very persuasive communication. By choosing the right words at the right time, linguistic intelligence can help people clearly express their ideas, thoughts, and feelings to others. This can be a crucial skill in both professional and personal life. Linguistically talented people are often able to tailor their communication to a variety of audiences. Many also seem to know when subtlety is more appropriate than being overly direct.
Think about the people in your life who can tell a great story or who have others in stitches when telling a joke. That's linguistic intelligence, too. It's a skill that can make people a real hit in social situations. By crafting vivid descriptions and emotional language, people with linguistic intelligence can keep an audience riveted.
People who score relatively high on this intelligence tend to think in words instead of pictures. As a result, when it comes to learning something, they're better able to understand verbal explanations than charts or drawings. Studying the origins of words, slang, and metaphors can also be intriguing to those who score high on this intelligence. As for leisure time, when linguistic types are not telling stories themselves, they might be found curled up with a good book. Typically lovers of the written word, linguistically intelligent people can be voracious readers.
You've already got a better handle on this type of intelligence than most people do, but there's always room for improvement. The action points below can help you to make your written and verbal communication skills more varied, specific, and engaging. Start small and work up.
Start small
Dust off your dictionary, and use it to learn five new words a week. You'd be amazed at how many words you've probably never even seen. For an added challenge, consider buying a book on verbal expressions like metaphors or quotations to familiarize yourself with new expressions. Once you've got them down, try working them into conversations.
If you remember your dreams, keep a dream journal next to your bed, and each morning take a few minutes to capture them as vividly as possible on paper.
If you don't already own one, stop by your local library or bookstore to pick up some books on tape. As you listen to them, take careful note of how narrators bring the stories to life.
Challenge yourself
Try writing a nonfiction story with a standard plot line. Standard plot lines usually consist of an introduction, rising action, the climax or turning point, falling action, and a resolution. Books are available on this topic if you need help.
Try to write a poem that encapsulates how you felt when you did something on your own for the first time.
Think about a funny experience you've had and practice telling it out loud in front of a mirror in the most dramatic and amusing way possible. Once you're comfortable, try it out on your friends or family.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Logical/Mathematical Intelligence
You scored a 5 out of 10 on Logical/Mathematical Intelligence. This means that you scored above 50% of the others who took this test.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
What is logical/mathematical intelligence?
People with a high level of logical/mathematical intelligence are generally great problem solvers who are able to both think critically and analyze data. Individuals who have this intelligence also tend to see the world as a logical place. This is probably true because they're usually so skilled at picking up the patterns all around them. Whether it's a scientist noticing a repeated behavior in one of her subjects or a mathematician using patterns of numbers to solve a theorem, this type of intelligence can be extremely handy in intellectual pursuits.
However, there are also plenty of everyday uses for logical/mathematical intelligence. For example, whether you're reading the financial pages or the sports section, the newspaper is typically filled with data and statistics for you to interpret. Indeed, it's hard to grasp the complexities of important scientific, social, economic, or political issues if you can't understand the information given. Life is also filled with plenty of opportunities to use applied math. Balancing your checkbook, bargain shopping, and even gambling demand some level of logical/mathematical intelligence. When it comes to money, people who are logically/mathematically intelligent typically have the benefit of being better able to manage their own finances. They also have a leg up on understanding the factors that affect their investments.
As learners, people who are strong in this type of intelligence comprehend things most effectively through trial and error rather than through verbal instruction or visual diagrams. In particular, if given a problem to solve, logical/mathematical people will usually prefer to test out solutions themselves rather than to be told or shown what the right answer is. Moreover, people who use this intelligence can be stronger than most other people are at weighing the merits of different arguments. By looking at facts critically, these individuals are good at forming their own conclusions — an ability that can make them great business leaders and first-rate independent thinkers.
Your above-average score indicates that you already use this intelligence effectively in your life. As a result, Tickle has provided you with some ways to improve your intelligence so that you reach the top of your ability. The following action steps will help you to increase your familiarity and adeptness with numbers and scientific concepts. They'll do this by helping you focus on topics that probably aren't typically part of your life, as well as by working math into your daily routine.
Start small
Buy or borrow a high school math textbook — anything from algebra to geometry or trigonometry — and reacquaint yourself with concepts that you might not have fully understood the first time around.
If you're not already a regular viewer, try to spend a couple hours a week watching scientific programming on the Discovery Channel, the Learning Channel, or PBS. By watching programs that talk about scientific concepts and explain different discoveries, you can improve your logic and deductive reasoning capabilities.
Make it a priority to visit science and technology museums on occasion to better understand the concepts that underpin both scientific advancements and the natural world.
Challenge yourself
Read about a mathematical or scientific concept and then teach it to someone else less knowledgeable than you are.
Learn a computer programming language such as BASIC, C, or PASCAL. Picking up one of these languages is not only a marketable job skill, but it can also help you hone your logical and pattern recognition abilities.
Subscribe to a popular science journal such as Science, Psychology Today, Omni, or Scientific American to keep up with the latest discoveries and research.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Visual/Spatial Intelligence
You scored a 5 out of 10 on Visual/Spatial Intelligence. This means that you scored above 50% of the others who took this test.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
What is visual/spatial intelligence?
People with visual/spatial intelligence have the interesting ability of being able to form high-quality mental images and even manipulate those pictures to form new things. Visual/spatial abilities can include being able to visualize accurate representations of existing objects and having the skill to imagine detailed original designs or scenes. In the career world, this can make visual/spatial types great at everything from mechanical engineering to interior design.
People with this intelligence typically have a high level of attention to detail and are well in touch with their surroundings. As a result, visually/spatially intelligent people can make great hunters because they tend to notice even small changes in their physical environment — a key when tracking prey. They're also the kinds of individuals you'd want in control of the map on a road trip. Visual/spatial intelligence can make people great with directions.
In addition, people with strong visual/spatial intelligence typically love aesthetics. They can usually find beauty in both manmade and natural things. Appreciating a sunset, noticing how patterns and colors fit together to make a great outfit, and having at least a passing knowledge of architecture and design are all different ways that their love of beauty can manifest.
People who use this type of intelligence tend to think in pictures rather than numbers or words. As a result, those who score relatively high on visual/spatial intelligence are better at learning concepts when seeing charts, pictures, or diagrams rather than hearing a lecture. Overall, using this type of intelligence can enrich your life because it requires a vivid imagination. Indeed, by forming creative mental images and really seeing the things around you, you can make the world a more wondrous place.
The activities below are designed to help you to get acquainted with your spatial skills and exercise your imagination and visual abilities. Each task focuses on a different aspect of visual/spatial intelligence. Begin with something basic. Then challenge yourself to expand your intelligence even more.
Start small
Play with blocks. It may seem like kid stuff, but it can really help your spatial relations. Practice building structures with three-dimensional materials like Legos.
Listen to classical music; it's known to increase visual/spatial skills.
Go to an arcade. Playing video games has been known to improve spatial abilities.
Challenge yourself
Try rearranging the furniture in one room of your house. Begin by visualizing the new layout, draw it, and then move things around to see how you like the new look.
When walking or driving to a familiar destination, take a new route to familiarize yourself with different paths and how they fit together.
Check out your local college or community center to sign up for a class in photography, sculpting, or drawing to explore your visual creativity.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Physical Intelligence
You scored a 4 out of 10 on Physical Intelligence. This means that you scored above 40% of the others who took this test.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
What is physical intelligence?
When most of us think of physical intelligence, we think of dancers and athletes. Indeed, athletic prowess, physical grace, and control of the body for achievement or expression are each important aspects of this kind of intelligence. However, another important facet is the use of fine motor skills such as hand-eye coordination for activities like surgery, carpentry, and painting.
Very few people can accomplish the highest levels of physical intelligence, and those who do — whether sports heroes or heart surgeons — are usually both admired and paid handsomely for it. Yet everyone can benefit enormously from improving our intelligence in this realm. Until recently, physical intelligence was something that had been devalued in our society, mostly as a result of the industrial revolution. Once people developed machines to do tasks like farming and metal work, people's physical abilities in these areas were pushed aside.
Fortunately today, medical research demonstrates the importance of physical activity and maintaining a mind-body connection. It's been found that the more people use their bodies and preserve their physical capabilities, the more their thinking can improve, as well. Physical intelligence isn't just about muscle and athleticism. There are a variety of skills that can be worked on when it comes to improving physical intelligence including strength, endurance, flexibility, balance, dexterity, expressiveness, coordination, and good reflexes (Armstrong, 1999). People who use this type of intelligence frequently come to see their bodies as a source of joy, along with the added bonus of suffering less from stress and certain types of disease.
With all the talk in the media about the importance of physical fitness and an active lifestyle, you probably understand the value of some aspects of physical intelligence by now. In fact, based on your score, it's evident that you've put emphasis on this intelligence in your own life already. As a result, Tickle's experts are making the stakes in this area higher by giving you a variety of physical challenges. Because physical intelligence can be easily measured, you'll be able to appreciate your progress as you go.
Start small
So long as you don't have any specific physical limitations, try working on your flexibility. One way to test your present level of flexibility is by seeing if, while holding your arms straight, you can make the palms of your hands touch each other behind your back. Practice daily until you can do so. Or for a more in-depth challenge, consider trying out a beginner yoga class at your local gym.
Breathing is crucial to health and fitness. Yet did you know that most of us breathe incorrectly? Correct breathing is accomplished by inhaling deeply and expanding your abdomen so that your diaphragm moves downward. This way, air flows into your lungs more effectively. When you breathe out the diaphragm moves upward so that the air is pushed out of the lungs. Try concentrating on your breathing for at least five minutes per day.
If you don't already, try to make simple exercises a part of your daily routine. Consider adding a 30-minute speed walk or floor exercise session to your schedule. You'll be amazed by what even these short workouts can accomplish when you stick to them.
Challenge yourself
Increase your strength, reflexes, and balance by taking a martial arts or a self-defense course. If there's not one available in your area, try to find yourself a good at home martial arts workout video instead.
Go out dancing! Whether in a class or at a club, it can be fun to express yourself physically. Don't worry if you're not great at first; there'll be lots of other beginners. No matter what type of dance you choose (e.g., salsa, ballroom, tap, jazz), it can increase your grace and coordination.
Get a complete fitness evaluation by a personal trainer. Once you've discussed your goals and determined your fitness level, you can develop a regimen that increases particular strengths or works on weaknesses.
Famous uses of intelligence
We can all use a little inspiration. Check out how these visionaries put their different types of intelligence to work. The list below is a perfect example of how important each type of intelligence really is. If everyone were simply book-smart, where would we all be today?
Social
Dr. Phil McGraw: Author and therapist
Dr. John Gottman: Researcher and marriage counselor
Barbara Walters: Journalist and talk show host
Personal
Dalai Lama: Tibetan spiritual leader
Deepak Chopra: Spiritual guru
Oprah Winfrey: Talk show host
Linguistic
Amy Tan: Writer
Pablo Neruda: Poet
Tony Kushner: Playwright
Logical/Mathematical
Erno Rubik: Inventor of the Rubik's Cube
John Nash: Mathematician
Suze Orman: Financial advisor
Visual/Spatial
Dale Chihuly: Glassblower and artist
Maya Lin: Architect of the Civil Rights and Vietnam Veteran's Memorials
Charles and Ray Eames: Furniture designers
Physical
Twyla Tharp: Choreographer and dancer
Lance Armstrong: Bike racer
Dr. Christiaan Barnard: Surgeon of first heart transplant
Your multiple intelligences report
Your greatest strength
Your complete intelligence profile
History behind the test
Reading list
Fortunately, the field of assessing intelligence has come a long way from measuring the size of our skulls. However, even 50 years ago, traditional beliefs about intelligence indicated that people's capacity for learning was fixed. In other words, the prevailing view was that you're either born smart or you're not. Furthermore, measuring intelligence was almost completely limited to how well you performed on logic and math tests.
But fast-forward to the early 1980s, and you would have found Dr. Howard Gardner advocating a new way of looking at intelligence. His influential theory of multiple intelligences helped educational psychologists and others to broaden their thinking about what it means to be smart. According to Gardner, thinking about intelligence needed to acknowledge more than one form of intelligence. To describe the many dimensions Gardner felt made up intelligence, he coined the term multiple intelligences. His theory centers on the idea that intelligence is made up of at least seven to nine distinct abilities. It also postulates that all human beings possess a number of types of intelligence in varying amounts. What's more is that Gardner believed people's intelligence could be improved.
To help you put Gardner's theory in action, Tickle created the Multiple Intelligences test. While Gardner looked at up to nine different areas of intelligence, Tickle's test focuses on what we feel to be the core six: linguistic, visual/spatial, logical/mathematical, physical (or as Gardner called it, "body"), social (Gardner termed it "interpersonal"), and personal (Gardner used the term "intrapersonal").
We hope this test helps you understand that you no longer need to be judged by strict and narrow standards of what it means to be smart. Instead, you can start to appreciate the many ways that you and others are intelligent. If you'd like to learn more about this topic, Tickle's research team suggests the references below for future reading.
Armstrong, T. (1999). 7 Kinds of Smart: Identifying and Developing Your Multiple Intelligences. NY: Plume.
Arnheim, R. (1983). Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye. Berkeley, CA: University of CA Press.
Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence Reframed. NY: Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. NY: Basic Books.
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Wednesday, October 24, 2007
the troll and the garden piece
: "The lawyer was sitting in a rocking chair beside the coffin, his head thrown back and his eyes closed. Steavens looked at him earnestly, puzzled at the line of the chin, and wondering why a man should conceal a feature of such distinction under that disfiguring shock of beard. Suddenly, as though he felt the young sculptor's keen glance, he opened his eyes."
Tuesday, October 23, 2007
Monday, October 8, 2007
Arabic Phrases
Arabic Phrases: " Phrases | ... Arabic Phrases Salim 2006 (C) speak7.com The table below contains: Arabic phrases, expressions, Arabic conversation and idioms, words in Arabic, greetings, survival phrases. I used the blue font in some places in transliteration to distinguish between the female and male gender. Which is not that different from the masculine form, just an extra 'i' or 'a' ... The tick (') is for a sound like soundless 'a' or a stop just to make closer to the real sound which doesn't exist in English. The 'th' is sometimes pronounced as 'th of that' and sometimes as 'th of think', I usually state how you should pronounce it. There is a sharp 'h' that is different from the regular 'h', however a person can be understood even if it's pronounced as a regular 'h'. Arabic Phrases English Phrases Arabic Transliterated Phrases Arabic Script Arabic Greetings: Hi! Salam! سلام Good Morning! Sabahel kheer صباح الخير Good Evening! Masaa el kheer مساء الخير Welcome! (to greet someone) Marhaban مرحبا How Are You? Kaifa haloka/ haloki ( female) كيف حالك؟ I'm Fine, Thanks! Ana bekhair, shokran! أنا بخير شكرا And You? Wa ant? / Wa anti? (female) و أنت؟ Good/ So-So. Jayed/ 'aadee جيد / عادي"
Monday, September 17, 2007
Saturday, September 15, 2007
learn arabic
Salim 2006 (C) speak7.com
You will learn in this lesson: Arabic adjectives and adverbs, vocabulary and words in Arabic.
This is a list of vocabularies that you need to memorize to improve your Arabic learning, below you will find a table of adjectives and adverbs in Arabic (about 150 words), try to memorize as many as you can, because they're very important in daily conversations.
Arabic Adjectives and Adverbs
able
qaader
قادر
absolutely
kat'an
قطعا
acid
haamed (sharp H)
حامض
active
nasheet
نشيط
angry
ghazeb
غاضب
awake
mostaiqez
مستيقظ
bad
sayye'
سيء
beautiful
jameel
جميل
bent
matwiy
مطوي
best
al afdal
الأفضل
better
ahsan or afdal
أحسن, أفضل
bitter
morr
مر
black
aswad
أسود
blue
azraq
أزرق
boiling
yaghlee
يغلي
bright
laame'
لامع
broken
maksour
مكسور
brown
bonnee
بنَي
certain
mota'akked
متأكد
cheap
rakhees
رخيص
cheerful
mobhej
مبهج
clean
nadeef
نظيف
clear
saafee
صافي
clearly
bewodooh
بوضوح
clever
thaki (th as in that)
ذكي
cold
baared
بارد
common
'aadiy
عادي
complete
kaamel
كامل
complex
mo'aqqad
معقد
correctly
beshakl saheeh
بشكل صحيح
cruel
qaasy
قاسي
dark
mothlem (th as in this)
مظلم
dead
mayyet
ميَت
deep
'ameeq
عميق
different
mokhtalef
مختلف
difficult
sa'b
صعب
dirty
wasekh
وسخ
dry
jaaf
جاف
early
baaker
باكر
easily
besohoulah
بسهولة
easy
sahl
سهل
electric
kahraba'ee
كهربائي
equal
mosawy
مساوِ
false,
ghalat
غلط
fat (person)
badeen
بدين
female
onthaa (th as in thin)
أنثى
fertile
khesb
خصب
first
awwal
أوَل
friendly
lateef
لَطِيف
full
momtale'
ممتلئ
general
'aam
عام
good
jayed
جيد
great
'azeem
عظيم
greater
a'zam
أعظم
green
akhdar
أخضر
grey
ramaady
رمادي
hanging
mo'allaq
معلَق
happy
farhaan
فرحان
hard (difficult)
sa'b
صعب
hard (stiff)
salb
صلب
healthy
sehhee
صحَي
heavy
taqeel
ثقيل
High
'aaly
عال
ill
mareed
مريض
important
mohem
مهم
kind
lateef
لطيف
large
waase'
واسع
last
akheer
أخير
late
mota'akhkher
متأخر
least
aqal
أقل
left
yasaar
يسار
less
aqal
أقل
light
khafeef
خفيف
little
qaleel
قليل
long
taweel
طويل
loving
moheb
محب
low
monkhafed
منخفض
male
dakar
ذكر
married
motazawwej
متزوج
medical
tebbey
طبي
mixed
mokhtalet
مختلط
more
aktar
أكثر
most
mo'zam
معظم
much
katheer( th as in thin)
كثير
narrow
dayeq
ضيق
natural
tabee'y
طبيعي
necessary
daroory
ضروري
new
jadeed
جديد
nice
jameel
جميل
normal
'aady
عادي
old
qadeem
قديم
open
maftouh
مفتوح
polite
mohazab
مهذب
poor
faqeer
فَقِير
possible
momken
مكن
pretty
jameel
جميل
private
khaas
خاص
public
'omomy
عمومي
punctual
zaqeeq
دقيق
quick
saree'
سريع
quiet
hadee'
هادئ
rapidly
besor'a
بسرعة
ready
mosta'ed
مستعد
You will learn in this lesson: Arabic adjectives and adverbs, vocabulary and words in Arabic.
This is a list of vocabularies that you need to memorize to improve your Arabic learning, below you will find a table of adjectives and adverbs in Arabic (about 150 words), try to memorize as many as you can, because they're very important in daily conversations.
Arabic Adjectives and Adverbs
able
qaader
قادر
absolutely
kat'an
قطعا
acid
haamed (sharp H)
حامض
active
nasheet
نشيط
angry
ghazeb
غاضب
awake
mostaiqez
مستيقظ
bad
sayye'
سيء
beautiful
jameel
جميل
bent
matwiy
مطوي
best
al afdal
الأفضل
better
ahsan or afdal
أحسن, أفضل
bitter
morr
مر
black
aswad
أسود
blue
azraq
أزرق
boiling
yaghlee
يغلي
bright
laame'
لامع
broken
maksour
مكسور
brown
bonnee
بنَي
certain
mota'akked
متأكد
cheap
rakhees
رخيص
cheerful
mobhej
مبهج
clean
nadeef
نظيف
clear
saafee
صافي
clearly
bewodooh
بوضوح
clever
thaki (th as in that)
ذكي
cold
baared
بارد
common
'aadiy
عادي
complete
kaamel
كامل
complex
mo'aqqad
معقد
correctly
beshakl saheeh
بشكل صحيح
cruel
qaasy
قاسي
dark
mothlem (th as in this)
مظلم
dead
mayyet
ميَت
deep
'ameeq
عميق
different
mokhtalef
مختلف
difficult
sa'b
صعب
dirty
wasekh
وسخ
dry
jaaf
جاف
early
baaker
باكر
easily
besohoulah
بسهولة
easy
sahl
سهل
electric
kahraba'ee
كهربائي
equal
mosawy
مساوِ
false,
ghalat
غلط
fat (person)
badeen
بدين
female
onthaa (th as in thin)
أنثى
fertile
khesb
خصب
first
awwal
أوَل
friendly
lateef
لَطِيف
full
momtale'
ممتلئ
general
'aam
عام
good
jayed
جيد
great
'azeem
عظيم
greater
a'zam
أعظم
green
akhdar
أخضر
grey
ramaady
رمادي
hanging
mo'allaq
معلَق
happy
farhaan
فرحان
hard (difficult)
sa'b
صعب
hard (stiff)
salb
صلب
healthy
sehhee
صحَي
heavy
taqeel
ثقيل
High
'aaly
عال
ill
mareed
مريض
important
mohem
مهم
kind
lateef
لطيف
large
waase'
واسع
last
akheer
أخير
late
mota'akhkher
متأخر
least
aqal
أقل
left
yasaar
يسار
less
aqal
أقل
light
khafeef
خفيف
little
qaleel
قليل
long
taweel
طويل
loving
moheb
محب
low
monkhafed
منخفض
male
dakar
ذكر
married
motazawwej
متزوج
medical
tebbey
طبي
mixed
mokhtalet
مختلط
more
aktar
أكثر
most
mo'zam
معظم
much
katheer( th as in thin)
كثير
narrow
dayeq
ضيق
natural
tabee'y
طبيعي
necessary
daroory
ضروري
new
jadeed
جديد
nice
jameel
جميل
normal
'aady
عادي
old
qadeem
قديم
open
maftouh
مفتوح
polite
mohazab
مهذب
poor
faqeer
فَقِير
possible
momken
مكن
pretty
jameel
جميل
private
khaas
خاص
public
'omomy
عمومي
punctual
zaqeeq
دقيق
quick
saree'
سريع
quiet
hadee'
هادئ
rapidly
besor'a
بسرعة
ready
mosta'ed
مستعد
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